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Comparison and Review

	A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming - The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous. Rate this
	Programming Language Critiques - Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author) Rate this
	Reasons for TOM - TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk. Rate this
	The Zen of Python - By Tim Peters. Rate this
	PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl. Rate this
	The Quine Page - Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages. Rate this
	Python Compared to Other Languages - Many links to comparisons involving Python. Rate this
	Why Tcl is Better than Perl - Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs. Rate this
	Beyond Java? - Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples. Rate this
	A Comparative Overview of C# - (with Java and C#) by Ben Albahari. Rate this
	Java vs. C# - Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared. Rate this
	Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages - Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan. Rate this
	The ROT13 Page - ROT13 implemented in many programming languages. Rate this
	Contrast Ruby and Other Languages - Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short. Rate this
	Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions). Rate this
	Survey of scripting language implementation options - A comparison of scripting language approaches in various categories. Pros and cons are given for each feature variation. Rate this
	Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C Rate this
	Programming Languages Table - By Capers Jones, Chairman, Software Productivity Research, Inc. Huge table of function point evaluation values (how many code lines needed for a task) compares 500 languages, dialects, and/or implementations. Rate this
	Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations - Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes. Rate this
	Sun's Comparison of Language Features - Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++. Rate this
	CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison - Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs. Rate this
	Java vs. JavaScript - Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications. Rate this
	Linea Engineering, Inc.: Getting The Biggest Bang For Your Buck - Compares VisualGen, Smalltalk, C++/Java, ANSI COBOL 85. Rate this
	University of Michigan's Language Guide - Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references. Rate this
	Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages. Rate this
	Tcl Advocacy - Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic. Rate this
	Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal? - Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references. Rate this
	Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java - A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java. Rate this
	Ada95, Java, and C++ - Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95 than to C++, syntax notwithstanding. Rate this
	Fortran90 vs. Ada95 - Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait. Rate this
	Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table. Rate this
	Are scripting languages the wave of the future? - Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. Rate this
	Hello, World Page! - This site compares the standard "Hello World!" program in many different computer languages, including APL. Rate this
	Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] Rate this
	Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison - Table-based comparison of 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better. Rate this
	Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages - By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples. Rate this
	What's Wrong with Perl - Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links. Rate this
	Programming Language Comparison - Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl, Visual Basic. Rate this
	Programming Information from HB - Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP. Rate this
	C# From a Java Developer's Perspective - Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables, code, resources. Rate this
	Syntax Across Languages - Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages. Rate this
	What I Hate About Your Programming Language - Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] Rate this
	D vs Other Languages - Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars] Rate this
	Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages - Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft. Rate this
	1% the Code - Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples. Rate this
	Advanced Programming Language Design - Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley. Rate this
	Ada versus Modula-3 - Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages. Rate this
	Java Benchmark - By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet. Rate this
	Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire - Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette] Rate this
	Is Ada a Better C? - Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997, originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples. Rate this
	The BNF Web Club Language - Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules, understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5. Rate this
	Informal Language Comparison Chart(s) - Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS. Rate this
	Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda - By Jim Basney. May 1995. Rate this
	TIOBE Programming Community Index - Monthly updated index that gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages. Rate this
	Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++ - Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk] Rate this
	Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] Rate this
	Is .NET's 'C' Sharper Than C++ or Java? - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor] Rate this
	Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison - A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages. Rate this
	How Does Ruby Compare With Python? - By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python post. Rate this
	TUNES Project: Programming Languages - Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content] Rate this
	Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples. Rate this
	Io Comparisons - Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl. Rate this
	Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared - Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80. Rate this
	Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages - Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing. Rate this
	Intelligent Systems - Table compares traits of DreamMaker, C/C++, Java/C#, Visual Basic, Assembly. Rate this
	Programming Language Categories - Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core. Rate this
	Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts. Rate this
	Programming Languages mini-HOWTO - Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka. Rate this
	TMXxine Languages - Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples. Rate this
	Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O - Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#. Rate this
	My Programming Language Crisis - Some points on language design by Keith Waclena. Rate this
	99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - Algol 68 version. Rate this
	Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems - Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl. Rate this
	Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web - General feature comparisons, explanations. Rate this
	Dylan Competitive Analysis - Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document. Rate this
	VB or not VB - Visual Basic, VB.Net critiques in comparison with Delphi and C#. Rate this
	The C Family of Languages - Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling. Rate this
	Why C is not a good numerical language - Explains why Fortran is a better language than C. Rate this
	Water Comparisons - Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP. Rate this
	Languages Versus D - Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content] Rate this
	In Search of the Ideal Programming Language - Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language. Rate this
	History and Comparing Programming Languages - The files at this site compare programming language statements in several different languages tracing the statement from early languages to present languages. Rate this
	Schizoid Classes - Of class, type, and method - A comparison of Java and Smalltalk. By Rodney Bates. Rate this
	Objective-C: Comparisons With Other Languages - Compares Objective-C, SmallTalk-80, C++, Eiffel. Rate this
	Programming language benchmarks - Benchmark of the same program in some recent languages aims to support language choice decision for implementing computation-intensive web apps. Rate this
	The Great Computer Language Shootout - A collection of banchmarks performed on 24 different languages. Includes a tool to grade languages depending on how well they did on tests that matter for you. Rate this
	C++?? : A Critique of C++ - A Critique of C++ and Programming and Language Trends of the 1990s. Rate this
	Java versus C++ - This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats. Rate this
	Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages - Compares the performance of the Intel Fortran, Intel C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and Gnu Java compilers on an Intel Linux platform. Rate this